(with dative) corresponding

1) General subject: according, according as (you will be paid according as you work), according to, accordingly, adequately, as applicable (AD), as such (чему-либо), as the case may be, concordantly, conformably, consequently, correspondingly, in proportion to, properly, reciprocally, respectively (при однородных членах, напр.: "...в 2005 и 2006 году потери составили 17% и 28% соответственно..."), suitably, thereafter, therefore, thus, pursuant, subsequently, as applicable

2) Latin: pro tanto

3) Bookish: severally

4) Mathematics: (with dative) corresponding (to), in accordance (with), in accordance with (напр., уравнению), resp (respectively)

5) Religion: pro tanto (Latin for "as such")

6) Law: agreeably, by extension (в некоторых контекстах), as relevant, where applicable

7) Economy: duly

8) Makarov: appropriately, in parallel, relatively

adv. respectively; ( with dative) corresponding (to), in accordance (with)

lĭcet, cŭit and cĭtum est, 2 (old form, licessit for licuerit, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 13; imp. liceto, Lex ap. Inscr. Grut. 202, 508 al.), v. n. and impers. [root lic-; Gr. lip-; v. 1. liceo], it is lawful, it is allowed or permitted; one may or can, one is at liberty to do so and so; constr. with neutr. of the demonstr. or rel. pron., with inf. or a subject-clause, with or without a dat., or dat. and inf., with ut or (more freq.) with the simple subj., or entirely absol.

With neutr. of the demonstr. or rel. pron. as a subject, with or without a dat.:

licere id dicimus, quod legibus, quod more majorum institutisque conceditur. Neque enim quod quisque potest, id ei licet,

Cic. Phil. 13, 6, 14:

cui facile persuasi, mihi id, quod rogaret, ne licere quidem, non modo non lubere,

id. Att. 14, 19, 4:

quid deceat vos, non quantum liceat vobis, spectare debetis,

id. Rab. Post. 5, 11; cf.:

si hominibus tantum licere judicas, quantum possunt: vide, ne, etc.,

id. Phil. 13, 7, 15:

si illud non licet, Saltem hoc licebit,

Ter. Eun. 4, 2, 12: neque idem ubique aut licet aut decorum est, Quint. 5, 10, 40:

quod in foro non expedit, illic nec liceat,

id. 9, 2, 67:

sin et poterit Naevius id quod lubet et ei lubebit, quod non licet, quid agendum est?

Cic. Quint. 30, 94:

nihil, quod per leges liceret,

id. Mil. 16, 43:

cui tantum de te licuit?

Verg. A. 6, 502; Anthol. Lat. 1, 172, 150:

cui tantum fata licere In generum voluere tuum,

Luc. 9, 1025; cf.:

tantumque licere horruit,

Sil. 14, 670.—Rarely in plur.:

cum in servum omnia liceant, est, etc.,

Sen. Clem. 1, 18, 2.—

With inf. or a subject-clause, with or without a dat.: neque terram inicere, neque cruenta Convestire corpora mihi licuit, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2 (Trag. v. 168 Vahl.):

licet nemini contra patriam ducere exercitum,

Cic. Phil. 13, 6, 14:

ut tibi id facere liceat,

id. Rep. 1, 6, 10:

M. Catoni licuit Tusculi se in otio delectare,

id. ib. 1, 1, 1:

sceleris crimine liceat Cn. Pompeio mortuo, liceat multis aliis carere,

id. Lig. 6, 18; Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 3; Cic. Att. 2, 1, 5:

quaerere, qui licuerit aedificare navem senatori,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 18, § 45:

meamet facta mihi dicere licet,

Sall. J. 85, 24.—Without a dat.:

introire in aedes numquam licitum est,

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 70:

impune optare istuc licet,

Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 14:

modo liceat vivere,

id. Heaut. 5, 2, 28:

licetne scire ex te?

id. Hec. 5, 4, 33:

hic subitam rerum commutationem videre licuit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 27, 1; 3, 96, 4:

si facere omnino non licebit,

Cic. Phil. 13, 6, 14:

licet ora ipsa cernere iratorum,

id. Off. 1, 29, 102; cf. id. Div. 1, 41, 91:

licet hoc videre,

id. de Or. 3, 25, 99; id. Div. 1, 7, 13; id. Inv. 1, 15, 21; 2, 23, 71; 2, 9, 29:

veretur ne non liceat tenere hereditatem,

id. Att. 13, 48, 1:

licetne extra ordinem in provocantem hostem pugnare?

Liv. 23, 47, 1:

poscere ut perculsis instare liceat,

id. 2, 65, 2. —With inf. pass. (cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 660 sq.):

intellegi jam licet, nullum fore imperium,

Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 60:

idque e pontificio jure intellegi licet,

id. Tusc. 1, 12, 27; cf.:

his cognosci licuit, quantum, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 3, 28; Cic. Off. 1, 7, 20:

evocari ex insula Cyprios non licet,

id. Att. 5, 21, 6:

in senatu dici nihil liceat,

id. ib. 3, 12, 1:

coöptari sacerdotem licebat,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 9:

in eum ordinem coöptari licet,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 49, § 120:

id primum in poëtis cerni licet,

id. de Or. 3, 7, 27; id. Ac. 1, 4, 17.—The noun of the subject-clause is regularly in the acc.:

licet me id scire quid sit?

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 14:

non licet hominem esse, etc.,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 53:

si licet me latere,

id. ib. 4, 2, 5:

hocine me miserum non licere meo modo ingenium frui!

id. ib. 2, 4, 21; cf.:

eodem ut jure uti senem Liceat, id. Hec. prol. alt. 3: non licet me isto tanto bono uti,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154:

cum non liceret Romae quemquam esse, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 2, 41, §

100: ex eis locis, in quibus te habere nihil licet,

id. ib. 2, 5, 18, §

45: quare licet etiam mortalem esse animum judicantem aeterna moliri,

id. Tusc. 1, 38, 91:

cur his per te frui libertate sua, cur denique esse liberos non licet?

id. Fl. 29, 71 B. and K. (al. liberis; v. infra).—So with esse:

liceat esse miseros,

Cic. Lig. 6, 18; cf.:

medios esse jam non licebit,

id. Att. 10, 8, 4; id. Tusc. 5, 15, 44; 1, 38, 91 Klotz N. cr.; also with fieri:

ut eum liceat ante tempus consulem fieri,

Auct. Her. 3, 2, 2:

ut jam liceat una comprehensione omnia complecti non dubitantemque dicere, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 5, 9, 26:

haec praescripta servantem licet magnifice vivere,

id. Off. 1, 26, 92:

licet tamen opera prodesse multis, beneficia petentem, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 19, 67.—So with acc. with a subject-inf., esse or fieri, even when licet is accompanied by the dat.:

si civi Romano licet esse Gaditanum,

Cic. Balb. 12, 29:

potest incidere quaestio, An huic esse procuratorem liceat?

Quint. 7, 1, 19:

procuratorem tibi esse non licuit,

id. 4, 4, 6 Zumpt N. cr.:

mihi non licet esse piam,

Ov. H. 14, 64: is erat annus, quo per leges ei consulem fieri liceret Caes. B. C. 3, 1 Oud. N. cr. —But more freq., in this case, there is an attraction of the predicate-noun to the dative dependent on licet.—Hence,

Licet alicui with inf., esp. with esse:

per hanc tibi cenam incenato esse hodie licet,

Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 31:

per hanc curam quieto tibi licet esse,

id. Ep. 3, 2, 2:

licuit esse otioso Themistocli,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 33; cf.:

ut tibi abesse liceat, et esse otioso,

id. Att. 9, 2, A, 1: quare [p. 1063] judici mihi non esse liceat, id. Rab. Post. 7, 17:

ut iis ingratis esse non liceat,

id. Off. 2, 18, 63:

quo in genere mihi neglegenti esse non licet,

id. Att. 1, 17, 6:

cur iis per te frui libertate sua, cur denique esse liberis non licet?

id. Fl. 29, 71 (B. and K. liberos; v. supra):

quibus otiosis ne in communi quidem otio liceat esse,

id. Cael. 1, 1:

quibus licet jam esse fortunatissimis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 35, 8:

illis timidis et ignavis licet esse,

Liv. 21, 44, 3.—With other verbs than esse:

ut sibi per te liceat innocenti vitam in egestate degere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 49, 144:

cum postulasset... ut sibi triumphanti urbem invehi liceret,

Liv. 38, 44 fin. —

Very rarely, in this construction, the dative with licet is wanting, and is to be supplied from the connection: atqui licet esse beatis (sc. iis),

Hor. S. 1, 1, 19:

licet eminus esse Fortibus,

Ov. M. 8, 405:

Hannibal precatur deos ut incolumi cedere atque abire liceat,

Liv. 26, 41, 16:

sibi vitam filiae suā cariorem fuisse, si liberae ac pudicae vivere licitum fuisset,

id. 3, 50, 6. Cf. on this and the preced. construction, Krüger, Untersuchungen, vol. iii. p. 359 sq.; Ruddim. 2, p. 15; Zumpt, Gram. § 601; Madv. Gram. § 393, c. and obs. 1.—

With ut, and more freq. with the simple subj.:

neque jam mihi licet neque est integrum, ut, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 4, 8:

facto nunc laedat licet,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:

mea quidem causa salvos sis licet,

id. Rud. 1, 2, 51:

ludas licet,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 33:

fremant omnes licet,

Cic. de Or. 1, 44, 195:

sed omnia licet concurrant,

id. Att. 14, 4, 2:

ex qua licet pauca degustes,

id. ib. 1, 16, 8:

vel ipsi hoc dicas licet,

id. ib. 5, 1, 4:

quamvis licet insectemur istos, metuo ne soli philosophi sint,

id. Tusc. 4, 24, 53; cf. id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. N. D. 3, 36, 88:

sequatur Hermagoram licebit,

id. Inv. 1, 51, 97; id. Rosc. Am. 17, 49:

sis pecore et multa dives tellure licebit,

Hor. Epod. 15, 19:

detrahat auctori multum fortuna licebit,

Ov. Tr. 5, 14, 3; Verg. A. 6, 400. Cf. also under II. a.—

As a v. impers. absol., with or without dat.:

immo, aliis si licet, tibi non licet,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 15, 49:

cum licitum est ei,

id. And. 2, 6, 12:

nec crederem mihi impunius Licere,

id. Heaut. 3, 2, 50:

quod profecto faciam, si mihi per ejusdem amicitiam licebit,

Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 3: Ph. Sed quaeso, hominem ut jubeas arcessi. He. Licet, that may be or may be done, I have no objection, Plaut. Capt. 5, 1, 29:

si per vos licet,

id. As. prol. 12:

id quod postea, si per vos, judices, licitum erit, aperietur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 44, 127:

dum per aetatem licet,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 28:

fruare, dum licet,

id. Heaut. 2, 3, 104; cf.:

dum licet, loquimini mecum,

id. Phorm. 3, 3, 16:

sic ut quimus, aiunt, quando, ut volumus, non licet,

id. And. 4, 5, 10:

ut id, quoad posset, quod fas esset, quoad liceret, populi ad partes daret,

Cic. Agr. 2, 7, 19.

Transf. When licet introduces a subordinate proposition, which makes a concession, without abandoning the main proposition, it is used as a conjunction corresponding to quamvis, quamquam, etsi. In late Latin it is, like these, connected with the indicative, and in the class. per. it is not unfreq. opposed to tamen and certe in the main proposition; even if, although, notwithstanding.

With subj. (class.):

quoniam quidem semel suscepi, licet hercules undique omnes mihi minae et terrores periculaque impendeant omnia, succurram atque subibo,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 31:

improbitas, licet adversario molesta sit, judici invisa est,

Quint. 6, 4, 15: in comoedia maxime claudamus: licet Varro Musas Plautino dicat sermone locuturas fuisse, si Latine loqui vellent;

licet, etc.,

id. 10, 1, 99:

vita brevis est, licet supra mille annos exeat,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 6:

licet ingens janitor... exsanguis terreat umbras,

Verg. A. 6, 400. —With part. for subj.:

isque, licet caeli regione remotos, mente deos adiit,

Ov. M. 15, 62.—With a corresp. tamen:

licet laudem Fortunam, tamen, ut ne Salutem culpem,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 28:

licet saepius tibi hujus generis litteras mittam... sed tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 27, 1:

licet tibi significarim, ut ad me venires, tamen, etc.,

id. Att. 3, 12, 3; Quint. 2, 2, 8; 8, 3, 69:

licet ergo non sint confirmati testamento, a me tamen, ut confirmati, observabuntur,

Plin. Ep. 2, 16, 3; Quint. 7 praef. § 2: constet illi licet fides et benevolentia, tranquillitas tamen, etc., Sen. Tranq. Anim. 7, 6.—With ellips. of subj.:

immatura licet, tamen huc non noxia veni (sc. venias),

Prop. 5, 11, 17.—With a corresp. certe:

licet enim haec quivis arbitratu suo reprehendat... certe levior reprehensio est,

Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 102.—

With indic. (post-class.):

licet inter gesta et facta videtur quaedam esse subtilis differentia, attamen, etc.,

Dig. 50, 16, 58; 2, 15, 8, § 25:

licet directae libertates deficiunt, attamen, etc.,

ib. 29, 7, 2: obduxi licet arma, sum Priapus, Poëta ap. Anth. Lat. 5, 218; Macr. S. 1, 11; App. M. 2, p. 117, 25.—

As an adv. with adj. or part., although (post-class.):

licet contumacissimum, tamen efficacissimum, etc.,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 8, 1:

miles, licet membris vigentibus firmus, se solum circumspicit,

Amm. 14, 10, 12; 17, 12, 11; Claud. Mam. Paneg. Max. 1.—Hence,

lĭcens, entis, P. a., free, unrestrained, uncurbed, bold, forward, presumptuous, licentious.

Of persons (only poet. and in post-class. prose):

quam audaces et quam licentes sumus qui, etc.,

Gell. 15, 9, 4:

unde licens Fabius sacra Lupercus habet,

Prop. 4, 1, 26:

turba licens, Naides improbae,

Sen. Hippol. 777.—

Of inanim. and abstr. things (once in Cic.; elsewh. only poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

licentior dithyrambus,

Cic. de Or. 3, 48, 185:

hic tibi multa licet sermone licentia tecto Dicere,

Ov. A. A. 1, 569:

joci,

Stat. S. 1, 6, 93:

licentior epistula, Plin. N. H. prooem. § 1: imperium,

Val. Max. 6, 4, 2:

vita,

id. 9, 1, 3. —Hence, adv.: lĭcenter, freely, according to one's own pleasure or fancy; and, in a bad sense, without restraint, boldly, impudently, licentiously (class.):

at quam licenter!

Cic. N. D. 1, 39, 109:

ut ingredi libere, non ut licenter videatur errare,

id. Or. 23, 77:

Graeci licenter multa,

Quint. 1, 8, 6:

aliquid facere,

Liv. 26, 10.— Comp.:

(servos) licentius, liberius, familiarius cum domina vivere,

Cic. Cael. 23, 57:

Romanos, remoto metu, laxius licentiusque futuros,

more remiss in their discipline, Sall. J. 87 fin.:

gerere res communes,

id. ib. 108:

ausi aliquid,

Quint. 2, 4, 14:

si quid licentius dixerint,

id. 1, 2, 7:

translata,

id. 8, 3, 37; 12, 10, 50:

Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane licentius, quam ut fori severitas ferat,

id. 8, 6, 24; Tac. A. 6, 13.—

lĭcĭtus, a, um, P. a., permitted, allowed, allowable, lawful ( poet. and post-Aug. for permissus, honestus):

sermo,

Verg. A. 8, 468:

torus,

Petr. 34, 8:

acies,

Stat. Th. 11, 123:

negotiatio,

Dig. 37, 14, 2:

contractus,

ib. 50, 14, 3.—In plur. as subst.: lĭcĭta, ōrum, n., things that are lawful:

ipse per licita atque illicita foedatus,

Tac. A. 15, 37.—Hence, adv., in two forms: lĭcĭtē and lĭcĭtō, rightfully, lawfully (post-class. for juste, honeste, legitime).—Form licite, Dig. 30, 114, § 5.—

Form licito,

Sol. 11, 8; Cod. Th. 11, 8, 3.

lĭcet, cŭit and cĭtum est, 2 (old form, licessit for licuerit, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 13; imp. liceto, Lex ap. Inscr. Grut. 202, 508 al.), v. n. and impers. [root lic-; Gr. lip-; v. 1. liceo], it is lawful, it is allowed or permitted; one may or can, one is at liberty to do so and so; constr. with neutr. of the demonstr. or rel. pron., with inf. or a subject-clause, with or without a dat., or dat. and inf., with ut or (more freq.) with the simple subj., or entirely absol.

With neutr. of the demonstr. or rel. pron. as a subject, with or without a dat.:

licere id dicimus, quod legibus, quod more majorum institutisque conceditur. Neque enim quod quisque potest, id ei licet,

Cic. Phil. 13, 6, 14:

cui facile persuasi, mihi id, quod rogaret, ne licere quidem, non modo non lubere,

id. Att. 14, 19, 4:

quid deceat vos, non quantum liceat vobis, spectare debetis,

id. Rab. Post. 5, 11; cf.:

si hominibus tantum licere judicas, quantum possunt: vide, ne, etc.,

id. Phil. 13, 7, 15:

si illud non licet, Saltem hoc licebit,

Ter. Eun. 4, 2, 12: neque idem ubique aut licet aut decorum est, Quint. 5, 10, 40:

quod in foro non expedit, illic nec liceat,

id. 9, 2, 67:

sin et poterit Naevius id quod lubet et ei lubebit, quod non licet, quid agendum est?

Cic. Quint. 30, 94:

nihil, quod per leges liceret,

id. Mil. 16, 43:

cui tantum de te licuit?

Verg. A. 6, 502; Anthol. Lat. 1, 172, 150:

cui tantum fata licere In generum voluere tuum,

Luc. 9, 1025; cf.:

tantumque licere horruit,

Sil. 14, 670.—Rarely in plur.:

cum in servum omnia liceant, est, etc.,

Sen. Clem. 1, 18, 2.—

With inf. or a subject-clause, with or without a dat.: neque terram inicere, neque cruenta Convestire corpora mihi licuit, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2 (Trag. v. 168 Vahl.):

licet nemini contra patriam ducere exercitum,

Cic. Phil. 13, 6, 14:

ut tibi id facere liceat,

id. Rep. 1, 6, 10:

M. Catoni licuit Tusculi se in otio delectare,

id. ib. 1, 1, 1:

sceleris crimine liceat Cn. Pompeio mortuo, liceat multis aliis carere,

id. Lig. 6, 18; Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 3; Cic. Att. 2, 1, 5:

quaerere, qui licuerit aedificare navem senatori,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 18, § 45:

meamet facta mihi dicere licet,

Sall. J. 85, 24.—Without a dat.:

introire in aedes numquam licitum est,

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 70:

impune optare istuc licet,

Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 14:

modo liceat vivere,

id. Heaut. 5, 2, 28:

licetne scire ex te?

id. Hec. 5, 4, 33:

hic subitam rerum commutationem videre licuit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 27, 1; 3, 96, 4:

si facere omnino non licebit,

Cic. Phil. 13, 6, 14:

licet ora ipsa cernere iratorum,

id. Off. 1, 29, 102; cf. id. Div. 1, 41, 91:

licet hoc videre,

id. de Or. 3, 25, 99; id. Div. 1, 7, 13; id. Inv. 1, 15, 21; 2, 23, 71; 2, 9, 29:

veretur ne non liceat tenere hereditatem,

id. Att. 13, 48, 1:

licetne extra ordinem in provocantem hostem pugnare?

Liv. 23, 47, 1:

poscere ut perculsis instare liceat,

id. 2, 65, 2. —With inf. pass. (cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 660 sq.):

intellegi jam licet, nullum fore imperium,

Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 60:

idque e pontificio jure intellegi licet,

id. Tusc. 1, 12, 27; cf.:

his cognosci licuit, quantum, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 3, 28; Cic. Off. 1, 7, 20:

evocari ex insula Cyprios non licet,

id. Att. 5, 21, 6:

in senatu dici nihil liceat,

id. ib. 3, 12, 1:

coöptari sacerdotem licebat,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 9:

in eum ordinem coöptari licet,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 49, § 120:

id primum in poëtis cerni licet,

id. de Or. 3, 7, 27; id. Ac. 1, 4, 17.—The noun of the subject-clause is regularly in the acc.:

licet me id scire quid sit?

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 14:

non licet hominem esse, etc.,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 53:

si licet me latere,

id. ib. 4, 2, 5:

hocine me miserum non licere meo modo ingenium frui!

id. ib. 2, 4, 21; cf.:

eodem ut jure uti senem Liceat, id. Hec. prol. alt. 3: non licet me isto tanto bono uti,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154:

cum non liceret Romae quemquam esse, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 2, 41, §

100: ex eis locis, in quibus te habere nihil licet,

id. ib. 2, 5, 18, §

45: quare licet etiam mortalem esse animum judicantem aeterna moliri,

id. Tusc. 1, 38, 91:

cur his per te frui libertate sua, cur denique esse liberos non licet?

id. Fl. 29, 71 B. and K. (al. liberis; v. infra).—So with esse:

liceat esse miseros,

Cic. Lig. 6, 18; cf.:

medios esse jam non licebit,

id. Att. 10, 8, 4; id. Tusc. 5, 15, 44; 1, 38, 91 Klotz N. cr.; also with fieri:

ut eum liceat ante tempus consulem fieri,

Auct. Her. 3, 2, 2:

ut jam liceat una comprehensione omnia complecti non dubitantemque dicere, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 5, 9, 26:

haec praescripta servantem licet magnifice vivere,

id. Off. 1, 26, 92:

licet tamen opera prodesse multis, beneficia petentem, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 19, 67.—So with acc. with a subject-inf., esse or fieri, even when licet is accompanied by the dat.:

si civi Romano licet esse Gaditanum,

Cic. Balb. 12, 29:

potest incidere quaestio, An huic esse procuratorem liceat?

Quint. 7, 1, 19:

procuratorem tibi esse non licuit,

id. 4, 4, 6 Zumpt N. cr.:

mihi non licet esse piam,

Ov. H. 14, 64: is erat annus, quo per leges ei consulem fieri liceret Caes. B. C. 3, 1 Oud. N. cr. —But more freq., in this case, there is an attraction of the predicate-noun to the dative dependent on licet.—Hence,

Licet alicui with inf., esp. with esse:

per hanc tibi cenam incenato esse hodie licet,

Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 31:

per hanc curam quieto tibi licet esse,

id. Ep. 3, 2, 2:

licuit esse otioso Themistocli,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 33; cf.:

ut tibi abesse liceat, et esse otioso,

id. Att. 9, 2, A, 1: quare [p. 1063] judici mihi non esse liceat, id. Rab. Post. 7, 17:

ut iis ingratis esse non liceat,

id. Off. 2, 18, 63:

quo in genere mihi neglegenti esse non licet,

id. Att. 1, 17, 6:

cur iis per te frui libertate sua, cur denique esse liberis non licet?

id. Fl. 29, 71 (B. and K. liberos; v. supra):

quibus otiosis ne in communi quidem otio liceat esse,

id. Cael. 1, 1:

quibus licet jam esse fortunatissimis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 35, 8:

illis timidis et ignavis licet esse,

Liv. 21, 44, 3.—With other verbs than esse:

ut sibi per te liceat innocenti vitam in egestate degere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 49, 144:

cum postulasset... ut sibi triumphanti urbem invehi liceret,

Liv. 38, 44 fin. —

Very rarely, in this construction, the dative with licet is wanting, and is to be supplied from the connection: atqui licet esse beatis (sc. iis),

Hor. S. 1, 1, 19:

licet eminus esse Fortibus,

Ov. M. 8, 405:

Hannibal precatur deos ut incolumi cedere atque abire liceat,

Liv. 26, 41, 16:

sibi vitam filiae suā cariorem fuisse, si liberae ac pudicae vivere licitum fuisset,

id. 3, 50, 6. Cf. on this and the preced. construction, Krüger, Untersuchungen, vol. iii. p. 359 sq.; Ruddim. 2, p. 15; Zumpt, Gram. § 601; Madv. Gram. § 393, c. and obs. 1.—

With ut, and more freq. with the simple subj.:

neque jam mihi licet neque est integrum, ut, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 4, 8:

facto nunc laedat licet,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:

mea quidem causa salvos sis licet,

id. Rud. 1, 2, 51:

ludas licet,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 33:

fremant omnes licet,

Cic. de Or. 1, 44, 195:

sed omnia licet concurrant,

id. Att. 14, 4, 2:

ex qua licet pauca degustes,

id. ib. 1, 16, 8:

vel ipsi hoc dicas licet,

id. ib. 5, 1, 4:

quamvis licet insectemur istos, metuo ne soli philosophi sint,

id. Tusc. 4, 24, 53; cf. id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. N. D. 3, 36, 88:

sequatur Hermagoram licebit,

id. Inv. 1, 51, 97; id. Rosc. Am. 17, 49:

sis pecore et multa dives tellure licebit,

Hor. Epod. 15, 19:

detrahat auctori multum fortuna licebit,

Ov. Tr. 5, 14, 3; Verg. A. 6, 400. Cf. also under II. a.—

As a v. impers. absol., with or without dat.:

immo, aliis si licet, tibi non licet,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 15, 49:

cum licitum est ei,

id. And. 2, 6, 12:

nec crederem mihi impunius Licere,

id. Heaut. 3, 2, 50:

quod profecto faciam, si mihi per ejusdem amicitiam licebit,

Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 3: Ph. Sed quaeso, hominem ut jubeas arcessi. He. Licet, that may be or may be done, I have no objection, Plaut. Capt. 5, 1, 29:

si per vos licet,

id. As. prol. 12:

id quod postea, si per vos, judices, licitum erit, aperietur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 44, 127:

dum per aetatem licet,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 28:

fruare, dum licet,

id. Heaut. 2, 3, 104; cf.:

dum licet, loquimini mecum,

id. Phorm. 3, 3, 16:

sic ut quimus, aiunt, quando, ut volumus, non licet,

id. And. 4, 5, 10:

ut id, quoad posset, quod fas esset, quoad liceret, populi ad partes daret,

Cic. Agr. 2, 7, 19.

Transf. When licet introduces a subordinate proposition, which makes a concession, without abandoning the main proposition, it is used as a conjunction corresponding to quamvis, quamquam, etsi. In late Latin it is, like these, connected with the indicative, and in the class. per. it is not unfreq. opposed to tamen and certe in the main proposition; even if, although, notwithstanding.

With subj. (class.):

quoniam quidem semel suscepi, licet hercules undique omnes mihi minae et terrores periculaque impendeant omnia, succurram atque subibo,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 31:

improbitas, licet adversario molesta sit, judici invisa est,

Quint. 6, 4, 15: in comoedia maxime claudamus: licet Varro Musas Plautino dicat sermone locuturas fuisse, si Latine loqui vellent;

licet, etc.,

id. 10, 1, 99:

vita brevis est, licet supra mille annos exeat,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 6:

licet ingens janitor... exsanguis terreat umbras,

Verg. A. 6, 400. —With part. for subj.:

isque, licet caeli regione remotos, mente deos adiit,

Ov. M. 15, 62.—With a corresp. tamen:

licet laudem Fortunam, tamen, ut ne Salutem culpem,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 28:

licet saepius tibi hujus generis litteras mittam... sed tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 27, 1:

licet tibi significarim, ut ad me venires, tamen, etc.,

id. Att. 3, 12, 3; Quint. 2, 2, 8; 8, 3, 69:

licet ergo non sint confirmati testamento, a me tamen, ut confirmati, observabuntur,

Plin. Ep. 2, 16, 3; Quint. 7 praef. § 2: constet illi licet fides et benevolentia, tranquillitas tamen, etc., Sen. Tranq. Anim. 7, 6.—With ellips. of subj.:

immatura licet, tamen huc non noxia veni (sc. venias),

Prop. 5, 11, 17.—With a corresp. certe:

licet enim haec quivis arbitratu suo reprehendat... certe levior reprehensio est,

Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 102.—

With indic. (post-class.):

licet inter gesta et facta videtur quaedam esse subtilis differentia, attamen, etc.,

Dig. 50, 16, 58; 2, 15, 8, § 25:

licet directae libertates deficiunt, attamen, etc.,

ib. 29, 7, 2: obduxi licet arma, sum Priapus, Poëta ap. Anth. Lat. 5, 218; Macr. S. 1, 11; App. M. 2, p. 117, 25.—

As an adv. with adj. or part., although (post-class.):

licet contumacissimum, tamen efficacissimum, etc.,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 8, 1:

miles, licet membris vigentibus firmus, se solum circumspicit,

Amm. 14, 10, 12; 17, 12, 11; Claud. Mam. Paneg. Max. 1.—Hence,

lĭcens, entis, P. a., free, unrestrained, uncurbed, bold, forward, presumptuous, licentious.

Of persons (only poet. and in post-class. prose):

quam audaces et quam licentes sumus qui, etc.,

Gell. 15, 9, 4:

unde licens Fabius sacra Lupercus habet,

Prop. 4, 1, 26:

turba licens, Naides improbae,

Sen. Hippol. 777.—

Of inanim. and abstr. things (once in Cic.; elsewh. only poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

licentior dithyrambus,

Cic. de Or. 3, 48, 185:

hic tibi multa licet sermone licentia tecto Dicere,

Ov. A. A. 1, 569:

joci,

Stat. S. 1, 6, 93:

licentior epistula, Plin. N. H. prooem. § 1: imperium,

Val. Max. 6, 4, 2:

vita,

id. 9, 1, 3. —Hence, adv.: lĭcenter, freely, according to one's own pleasure or fancy; and, in a bad sense, without restraint, boldly, impudently, licentiously (class.):

at quam licenter!

Cic. N. D. 1, 39, 109:

ut ingredi libere, non ut licenter videatur errare,

id. Or. 23, 77:

Graeci licenter multa,

Quint. 1, 8, 6:

aliquid facere,

Liv. 26, 10.— Comp.:

(servos) licentius, liberius, familiarius cum domina vivere,

Cic. Cael. 23, 57:

Romanos, remoto metu, laxius licentiusque futuros,

more remiss in their discipline, Sall. J. 87 fin.:

gerere res communes,

id. ib. 108:

ausi aliquid,

Quint. 2, 4, 14:

si quid licentius dixerint,

id. 1, 2, 7:

translata,

id. 8, 3, 37; 12, 10, 50:

Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane licentius, quam ut fori severitas ferat,

id. 8, 6, 24; Tac. A. 6, 13.—

lĭcĭtus, a, um, P. a., permitted, allowed, allowable, lawful ( poet. and post-Aug. for permissus, honestus):

sermo,

Verg. A. 8, 468:

torus,

Petr. 34, 8:

acies,

Stat. Th. 11, 123:

negotiatio,

Dig. 37, 14, 2:

contractus,

ib. 50, 14, 3.—In plur. as subst.: lĭcĭta, ōrum, n., things that are lawful:

ipse per licita atque illicita foedatus,

Tac. A. 15, 37.—Hence, adv., in two forms: lĭcĭtē and lĭcĭtō, rightfully, lawfully (post-class. for juste, honeste, legitime).—Form licite, Dig. 30, 114, § 5.—

Form licito,

Sol. 11, 8; Cod. Th. 11, 8, 3.

lĭcet, cŭit and cĭtum est, 2 (old form, licessit for licuerit, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 13; imp. liceto, Lex ap. Inscr. Grut. 202, 508 al.), v. n. and impers. [root lic-; Gr. lip-; v. 1. liceo], it is lawful, it is allowed or permitted; one may or can, one is at liberty to do so and so; constr. with neutr. of the demonstr. or rel. pron., with inf. or a subject-clause, with or without a dat., or dat. and inf., with ut or (more freq.) with the simple subj., or entirely absol.

With neutr. of the demonstr. or rel. pron. as a subject, with or without a dat.:

licere id dicimus, quod legibus, quod more majorum institutisque conceditur. Neque enim quod quisque potest, id ei licet,

Cic. Phil. 13, 6, 14:

cui facile persuasi, mihi id, quod rogaret, ne licere quidem, non modo non lubere,

id. Att. 14, 19, 4:

quid deceat vos, non quantum liceat vobis, spectare debetis,

id. Rab. Post. 5, 11; cf.:

si hominibus tantum licere judicas, quantum possunt: vide, ne, etc.,

id. Phil. 13, 7, 15:

si illud non licet, Saltem hoc licebit,

Ter. Eun. 4, 2, 12: neque idem ubique aut licet aut decorum est, Quint. 5, 10, 40:

quod in foro non expedit, illic nec liceat,

id. 9, 2, 67:

sin et poterit Naevius id quod lubet et ei lubebit, quod non licet, quid agendum est?

Cic. Quint. 30, 94:

nihil, quod per leges liceret,

id. Mil. 16, 43:

cui tantum de te licuit?

Verg. A. 6, 502; Anthol. Lat. 1, 172, 150:

cui tantum fata licere In generum voluere tuum,

Luc. 9, 1025; cf.:

tantumque licere horruit,

Sil. 14, 670.—Rarely in plur.:

cum in servum omnia liceant, est, etc.,

Sen. Clem. 1, 18, 2.—

With inf. or a subject-clause, with or without a dat.: neque terram inicere, neque cruenta Convestire corpora mihi licuit, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2 (Trag. v. 168 Vahl.):

licet nemini contra patriam ducere exercitum,

Cic. Phil. 13, 6, 14:

ut tibi id facere liceat,

id. Rep. 1, 6, 10:

M. Catoni licuit Tusculi se in otio delectare,

id. ib. 1, 1, 1:

sceleris crimine liceat Cn. Pompeio mortuo, liceat multis aliis carere,

id. Lig. 6, 18; Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 3; Cic. Att. 2, 1, 5:

quaerere, qui licuerit aedificare navem senatori,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 18, § 45:

meamet facta mihi dicere licet,

Sall. J. 85, 24.—Without a dat.:

introire in aedes numquam licitum est,

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 70:

impune optare istuc licet,

Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 14:

modo liceat vivere,

id. Heaut. 5, 2, 28:

licetne scire ex te?

id. Hec. 5, 4, 33:

hic subitam rerum commutationem videre licuit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 27, 1; 3, 96, 4:

si facere omnino non licebit,

Cic. Phil. 13, 6, 14:

licet ora ipsa cernere iratorum,

id. Off. 1, 29, 102; cf. id. Div. 1, 41, 91:

licet hoc videre,

id. de Or. 3, 25, 99; id. Div. 1, 7, 13; id. Inv. 1, 15, 21; 2, 23, 71; 2, 9, 29:

veretur ne non liceat tenere hereditatem,

id. Att. 13, 48, 1:

licetne extra ordinem in provocantem hostem pugnare?

Liv. 23, 47, 1:

poscere ut perculsis instare liceat,

id. 2, 65, 2. —With inf. pass. (cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 660 sq.):

intellegi jam licet, nullum fore imperium,

Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 60:

idque e pontificio jure intellegi licet,

id. Tusc. 1, 12, 27; cf.:

his cognosci licuit, quantum, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 3, 28; Cic. Off. 1, 7, 20:

evocari ex insula Cyprios non licet,

id. Att. 5, 21, 6:

in senatu dici nihil liceat,

id. ib. 3, 12, 1:

coöptari sacerdotem licebat,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 9:

in eum ordinem coöptari licet,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 49, § 120:

id primum in poëtis cerni licet,

id. de Or. 3, 7, 27; id. Ac. 1, 4, 17.—The noun of the subject-clause is regularly in the acc.:

licet me id scire quid sit?

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 14:

non licet hominem esse, etc.,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 53:

si licet me latere,

id. ib. 4, 2, 5:

hocine me miserum non licere meo modo ingenium frui!

id. ib. 2, 4, 21; cf.:

eodem ut jure uti senem Liceat, id. Hec. prol. alt. 3: non licet me isto tanto bono uti,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154:

cum non liceret Romae quemquam esse, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 2, 41, §

100: ex eis locis, in quibus te habere nihil licet,

id. ib. 2, 5, 18, §

45: quare licet etiam mortalem esse animum judicantem aeterna moliri,

id. Tusc. 1, 38, 91:

cur his per te frui libertate sua, cur denique esse liberos non licet?

id. Fl. 29, 71 B. and K. (al. liberis; v. infra).—So with esse:

liceat esse miseros,

Cic. Lig. 6, 18; cf.:

medios esse jam non licebit,

id. Att. 10, 8, 4; id. Tusc. 5, 15, 44; 1, 38, 91 Klotz N. cr.; also with fieri:

ut eum liceat ante tempus consulem fieri,

Auct. Her. 3, 2, 2:

ut jam liceat una comprehensione omnia complecti non dubitantemque dicere, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 5, 9, 26:

haec praescripta servantem licet magnifice vivere,

id. Off. 1, 26, 92:

licet tamen opera prodesse multis, beneficia petentem, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 19, 67.—So with acc. with a subject-inf., esse or fieri, even when licet is accompanied by the dat.:

si civi Romano licet esse Gaditanum,

Cic. Balb. 12, 29:

potest incidere quaestio, An huic esse procuratorem liceat?

Quint. 7, 1, 19:

procuratorem tibi esse non licuit,

id. 4, 4, 6 Zumpt N. cr.:

mihi non licet esse piam,

Ov. H. 14, 64: is erat annus, quo per leges ei consulem fieri liceret Caes. B. C. 3, 1 Oud. N. cr. —But more freq., in this case, there is an attraction of the predicate-noun to the dative dependent on licet.—Hence,

Licet alicui with inf., esp. with esse:

per hanc tibi cenam incenato esse hodie licet,

Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 31:

per hanc curam quieto tibi licet esse,

id. Ep. 3, 2, 2:

licuit esse otioso Themistocli,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 33; cf.:

ut tibi abesse liceat, et esse otioso,

id. Att. 9, 2, A, 1: quare [p. 1063] judici mihi non esse liceat, id. Rab. Post. 7, 17:

ut iis ingratis esse non liceat,

id. Off. 2, 18, 63:

quo in genere mihi neglegenti esse non licet,

id. Att. 1, 17, 6:

cur iis per te frui libertate sua, cur denique esse liberis non licet?

id. Fl. 29, 71 (B. and K. liberos; v. supra):

quibus otiosis ne in communi quidem otio liceat esse,

id. Cael. 1, 1:

quibus licet jam esse fortunatissimis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 35, 8:

illis timidis et ignavis licet esse,

Liv. 21, 44, 3.—With other verbs than esse:

ut sibi per te liceat innocenti vitam in egestate degere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 49, 144:

cum postulasset... ut sibi triumphanti urbem invehi liceret,

Liv. 38, 44 fin. —

Very rarely, in this construction, the dative with licet is wanting, and is to be supplied from the connection: atqui licet esse beatis (sc. iis),

Hor. S. 1, 1, 19:

licet eminus esse Fortibus,

Ov. M. 8, 405:

Hannibal precatur deos ut incolumi cedere atque abire liceat,

Liv. 26, 41, 16:

sibi vitam filiae suā cariorem fuisse, si liberae ac pudicae vivere licitum fuisset,

id. 3, 50, 6. Cf. on this and the preced. construction, Krüger, Untersuchungen, vol. iii. p. 359 sq.; Ruddim. 2, p. 15; Zumpt, Gram. § 601; Madv. Gram. § 393, c. and obs. 1.—

With ut, and more freq. with the simple subj.:

neque jam mihi licet neque est integrum, ut, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 4, 8:

facto nunc laedat licet,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:

mea quidem causa salvos sis licet,

id. Rud. 1, 2, 51:

ludas licet,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 33:

fremant omnes licet,

Cic. de Or. 1, 44, 195:

sed omnia licet concurrant,

id. Att. 14, 4, 2:

ex qua licet pauca degustes,

id. ib. 1, 16, 8:

vel ipsi hoc dicas licet,

id. ib. 5, 1, 4:

quamvis licet insectemur istos, metuo ne soli philosophi sint,

id. Tusc. 4, 24, 53; cf. id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. N. D. 3, 36, 88:

sequatur Hermagoram licebit,

id. Inv. 1, 51, 97; id. Rosc. Am. 17, 49:

sis pecore et multa dives tellure licebit,

Hor. Epod. 15, 19:

detrahat auctori multum fortuna licebit,

Ov. Tr. 5, 14, 3; Verg. A. 6, 400. Cf. also under II. a.—

As a v. impers. absol., with or without dat.:

immo, aliis si licet, tibi non licet,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 15, 49:

cum licitum est ei,

id. And. 2, 6, 12:

nec crederem mihi impunius Licere,

id. Heaut. 3, 2, 50:

quod profecto faciam, si mihi per ejusdem amicitiam licebit,

Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 3: Ph. Sed quaeso, hominem ut jubeas arcessi. He. Licet, that may be or may be done, I have no objection, Plaut. Capt. 5, 1, 29:

si per vos licet,

id. As. prol. 12:

id quod postea, si per vos, judices, licitum erit, aperietur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 44, 127:

dum per aetatem licet,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 28:

fruare, dum licet,

id. Heaut. 2, 3, 104; cf.:

dum licet, loquimini mecum,

id. Phorm. 3, 3, 16:

sic ut quimus, aiunt, quando, ut volumus, non licet,

id. And. 4, 5, 10:

ut id, quoad posset, quod fas esset, quoad liceret, populi ad partes daret,

Cic. Agr. 2, 7, 19.

Transf. When licet introduces a subordinate proposition, which makes a concession, without abandoning the main proposition, it is used as a conjunction corresponding to quamvis, quamquam, etsi. In late Latin it is, like these, connected with the indicative, and in the class. per. it is not unfreq. opposed to tamen and certe in the main proposition; even if, although, notwithstanding.

With subj. (class.):

quoniam quidem semel suscepi, licet hercules undique omnes mihi minae et terrores periculaque impendeant omnia, succurram atque subibo,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 31:

improbitas, licet adversario molesta sit, judici invisa est,

Quint. 6, 4, 15: in comoedia maxime claudamus: licet Varro Musas Plautino dicat sermone locuturas fuisse, si Latine loqui vellent;

licet, etc.,

id. 10, 1, 99:

vita brevis est, licet supra mille annos exeat,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 6:

licet ingens janitor... exsanguis terreat umbras,

Verg. A. 6, 400. —With part. for subj.:

isque, licet caeli regione remotos, mente deos adiit,

Ov. M. 15, 62.—With a corresp. tamen:

licet laudem Fortunam, tamen, ut ne Salutem culpem,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 28:

licet saepius tibi hujus generis litteras mittam... sed tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 27, 1:

licet tibi significarim, ut ad me venires, tamen, etc.,

id. Att. 3, 12, 3; Quint. 2, 2, 8; 8, 3, 69:

licet ergo non sint confirmati testamento, a me tamen, ut confirmati, observabuntur,

Plin. Ep. 2, 16, 3; Quint. 7 praef. § 2: constet illi licet fides et benevolentia, tranquillitas tamen, etc., Sen. Tranq. Anim. 7, 6.—With ellips. of subj.:

immatura licet, tamen huc non noxia veni (sc. venias),

Prop. 5, 11, 17.—With a corresp. certe:

licet enim haec quivis arbitratu suo reprehendat... certe levior reprehensio est,

Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 102.—

With indic. (post-class.):

licet inter gesta et facta videtur quaedam esse subtilis differentia, attamen, etc.,

Dig. 50, 16, 58; 2, 15, 8, § 25:

licet directae libertates deficiunt, attamen, etc.,

ib. 29, 7, 2: obduxi licet arma, sum Priapus, Poëta ap. Anth. Lat. 5, 218; Macr. S. 1, 11; App. M. 2, p. 117, 25.—

As an adv. with adj. or part., although (post-class.):

licet contumacissimum, tamen efficacissimum, etc.,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 8, 1:

miles, licet membris vigentibus firmus, se solum circumspicit,

Amm. 14, 10, 12; 17, 12, 11; Claud. Mam. Paneg. Max. 1.—Hence,

lĭcens, entis, P. a., free, unrestrained, uncurbed, bold, forward, presumptuous, licentious.

Of persons (only poet. and in post-class. prose):

quam audaces et quam licentes sumus qui, etc.,

Gell. 15, 9, 4:

unde licens Fabius sacra Lupercus habet,

Prop. 4, 1, 26:

turba licens, Naides improbae,

Sen. Hippol. 777.—

Of inanim. and abstr. things (once in Cic.; elsewh. only poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

licentior dithyrambus,

Cic. de Or. 3, 48, 185:

hic tibi multa licet sermone licentia tecto Dicere,

Ov. A. A. 1, 569:

joci,

Stat. S. 1, 6, 93:

licentior epistula, Plin. N. H. prooem. § 1: imperium,

Val. Max. 6, 4, 2:

vita,

id. 9, 1, 3. —Hence, adv.: lĭcenter, freely, according to one's own pleasure or fancy; and, in a bad sense, without restraint, boldly, impudently, licentiously (class.):

at quam licenter!

Cic. N. D. 1, 39, 109:

ut ingredi libere, non ut licenter videatur errare,

id. Or. 23, 77:

Graeci licenter multa,

Quint. 1, 8, 6:

aliquid facere,

Liv. 26, 10.— Comp.:

(servos) licentius, liberius, familiarius cum domina vivere,

Cic. Cael. 23, 57:

Romanos, remoto metu, laxius licentiusque futuros,

more remiss in their discipline, Sall. J. 87 fin.:

gerere res communes,

id. ib. 108:

ausi aliquid,

Quint. 2, 4, 14:

si quid licentius dixerint,

id. 1, 2, 7:

translata,

id. 8, 3, 37; 12, 10, 50:

Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane licentius, quam ut fori severitas ferat,

id. 8, 6, 24; Tac. A. 6, 13.—

lĭcĭtus, a, um, P. a., permitted, allowed, allowable, lawful ( poet. and post-Aug. for permissus, honestus):

sermo,

Verg. A. 8, 468:

torus,

Petr. 34, 8:

acies,

Stat. Th. 11, 123:

negotiatio,

Dig. 37, 14, 2:

contractus,

ib. 50, 14, 3.—In plur. as subst.: lĭcĭta, ōrum, n., things that are lawful:

ipse per licita atque illicita foedatus,

Tac. A. 15, 37.—Hence, adv., in two forms: lĭcĭtē and lĭcĭtō, rightfully, lawfully (post-class. for juste, honeste, legitime).—Form licite, Dig. 30, 114, § 5.—

Form licito,

Sol. 11, 8; Cod. Th. 11, 8, 3.

ὡς (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.) relative adv. of the relative pron. ὅς. It is used as

① a comparative particle, marking the manner in which someth. proceeds, as, like

ⓐ corresponding to οὕτως=‘so, in such a way’: σωθήσεται, οὕτως ὡς διὰ πυρός he will be saved, (but only) in such a way as (one, in an attempt to save oneself, must go) through fire (and therefore suffer fr. burns) 1 Cor 3:15. τὴν ἑαυτοῦ γυναῖκα οὕτως ἀγαπάτω ὡς ἑαυτόν Eph 5:33; cp. vs. 28. ἡμέρα κυρίου ὡς κλέπτης οὕτως ἔρχεται 1 Th 5:2. The word οὕτως can also be omitted ἀσφαλίσασθε ὡς οἴδατε make it as secure as you know how = as you can Mt 27:65. ὡς οὐκ οἶδεν αὐτός (in such a way) as he himself does not know = he himself does not know how, without his knowing (just) how Mk 4:27. ὡς ἀνῆκεν (in such a way) as is fitting Col 3:18. Cp. 4:4; Eph 6:20; Tit 1:5 (cp. Just., A I, 3, 1 ὡς πρέπον ἐστίν). ὡς πᾶσα γυνὴ γεννᾷ GJs 11:2; ὡς ἀπεκαλύφθη AcPlCor 1:8.

ⓑ special uses

α. in ellipses (TestAbr A 12 p. 90, 22 [Stone p. 28] θρόνος … ἐξαστράπτων ὡς πῦρ; TestJob 20:3 χρήσασθαι … ὡς ἐβούλετο; JosAs 12:7 πρὸς σὲ κατέφυγον ὡς παιδίον ἐπὶ τὸν πατέρα) ἐλάλουν ὡς νήπιος I used to speak as a child (is accustomed to speak) 1 Cor 13:11a; cp. bc; Mk 10:15; Eph 6:6a; Phil 2:22; Col 3:22. ὡς τέκνα φωτὸς περιπατεῖτε walk as (is appropriate for) children of light Eph 5:8; cp. 6:6b. ὡς ἐν ἡμέρᾳ as (it is one’s duty to walk) in the daylight Ro 13:13. The Israelites went through the Red Sea ὡς διὰ ξηρᾶς γῆς as (one travels) over dry land Hb 11:29. οὐ λέγει ὡς ἐπὶ πολλῶν ἀλλʼ ὡς ἐφʼ ἑνός he speaks not as one would of a plurality (s. ἐπί 8), but as of a single thing Gal 3:16.—Ro 15:15; 1 Pt 5:3. Also referring back to οὕτως (GrBar 6:16 ὡς γὰρ τὰ δίστομα οὕτως καὶ ὁ ἀλέκτωρ μηνύει τοῖς ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ like articulate beings the rooster informs earth’s inhabitants) οὕτως τρέχω ὡς οὐκ ἀδήλως I run as (a person) with a fixed goal 1 Cor 9:26a. Cp. ibid. b; Js 2:12.

β. ὡς and the words that go w. it can be the subj. or obj., of a clause: γενηθήτω σοι ὡς θέλεις let it be done (= it will be done) for you as you wish Mt 15:28. Cp. 8:13; Lk 14:22 v.l. (for ὅ; cp. ὡς τὸ θέλημά σου OdeSol 11:21). The predicate belonging to such a subj. is to be supplied in οὐχ ὡς ἐγὼ θέλω (γενηθήτω) Mt 26:39a.—ἐποίησεν ὡς προσέταξεν αὐτῷ ὁ ἄγγελος he did as (= that which) the angel commanded him (to do) Mt 1:24; cp. 26:19 (on the structure s. RPesch, BZ 10, ’66, 220–45; 11, ’67, 79–95; cp. the formula Job 42:9 and the contrasting negation Ex 1:17; s. also Ex 3:21f); 28:15.—Practically equivalent to ὅ, which is a v.l. for it Mk 14:72 (JBirdsall, NovT 2, ’58, 272–75; cp. Lk 14:22 above).

γ. ἕκαστος ὡς each one as or according to what Ro 12:3; 1 Cor 3:5; 7:17ab; Rv 22:12. ὡς ἦν δυνατὸς ἕκαστος each person interpreted them as best each could Papias (2:16).

δ. in indirect questions (X., Cyr. 1, 5, 11 ἀπαίδευτοι ὡς χρὴ συμμάχοις χρῆσθαι) ἐξηγοῦντο ὡς ἐγνώσθη αὐτοῖς ἐν τῇ κλάσει τοῦ ἄρτου they told how he had made himself known to them when they broke bread together Lk 24:35. Cp. Mk 12:26 v.l. (for πῶς); Lk 8:47; 23:55; Ac 10:38; 20:20; Ro 11:2; 2 Cor 7:15.

② a conjunction marking a point of comparison, as. This ‘as’ can have a ‘so’ expressly corresponding to it or not, as the case may be; further, both sides of the comparison can be expressed in complete clauses, or one or even both may be abbreviated.

ⓐ ὡς is correlative w. οὕτως=so. οὕτως … ὡς (so, in such a way) … as: οὐδέποτε ἐλάλησεν οὕτως ἄνθρωπος ὡς οὗτος λαλεῖ ὁ ἄνθρωπος J 7:46. ὡς … οὕτως Ac 8:32 (Is 53:7); 23:11; Ro 5:15 (ὡς τὸ παράπτωμα, οὕτως καὶ τὸ χάρισμα, both halves to be completed), 18. ὡς κοινωνοί ἐστε τῶν παθημάτων, οὕτως καὶ τῆς παρακλήσεως as you are comrades in suffering, so (shall you be) in comfort as well 2 Cor 1:7. Cp. 7:14; 11:3 v.l.—ὡς … καί as … so (Plut., Mor. 39e; Ath. 15, 2) Mt 6:10; Ac 7:51; 2 Cor 13:2; Gal 1:9; Phil 1:20.

ⓑ The clause beginning w. ὡς can easily be understood and supplied in many cases; when this occurs, the noun upon which the comparison depends can often stand alone, and in these cases ὡς acts as a particle denoting comparison. οἱ δίκαιοι ἐκλάμψουσιν ὡς ὁ ἥλιος the righteous will shine out as the sun (shines) Mt 13:43. ὡς ἐπὶ λῃστὴν ἐξήλθατε συλλαβεῖν με as (one goes out) against a robber, (so) you have gone out to arrest me 26:55 (Mel., P. 79, 574 ὡς ἐπὶ φόνιον λῄστην). γίνεσθε φρόνιμοι ὡς οἱ ὄφεις be (as) wise as serpents (are) 10:16b. Cp. Lk 12:27; 21:35; 22:31; J 15:6; 2 Ti 2:17; 1 Pt 5:8.

ⓒ Semitic infl. is felt in the manner in which ὡς, combined w. a subst., takes the place of a subst. or an adj.

α. a substantive

א. as subj. (cp. Da 7:13 ὡς υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου ἤρχετο; cp. 10:16, 18) ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου (ἦν) ὡς θάλασσα ὑαλίνη before the throne there was something like a sea of glass Rv 4:6. Cp. 8:8; 9:7a. ἀφʼ ἑνὸς ἐγενήθησαν ὡς ἡ ἄμμος from one man they have come into being as the sand, i.e. countless descendants Hb 11:12.

ב. as obj. (JosAs 17:6 εἶδεν Ἀσενὲθ ὡς ἅρμα πυρός) ᾂδουσιν ὡς ᾠδὴν καινήν they were singing, as it were, a new song Rv 14:3. ἤκουσα ὡς φωνήν I heard what sounded like a shout 19:1, 6abc; cp. 6:1.

β. as adjective, pred. (mostly εἶναι, γίνεσθαι ὡς; the latter also in rendering of ךְּ to express the basic reality of something: GDelling, Jüd. Lehre u. Frömmigkeit ’67, p. 58, on ParJer 9:7) ἐὰν μὴ γένησθε ὡς τὰ παιδία if you do not become child-like Mt 18:3. ὡς ἄγγελοί εἰσιν they are similar to angels 22:30. πᾶσα σὰρξ ὡς χόρτος 1 Pt 1:24. Cp. Mk 6:34; 12:25; Lk 22:26ab; Ro 9:27 (Is 10:22); 29a (Is 1:9a); 1 Cor 4:13; 7:7f, 29–31; 9:20f; 2 Pt 3:8ab (Ps 89:4); Rv 6:12ab al. (cp. GrBar 14:1 ἐγένετο φωνὴ ὡς βροντή). Sim. also ποίησόν με ὡς ἕνα τῶν μισθίων σου treat me like one of your day laborers Lk 15:19.—The adj. or adjectival expr. for which this form stands may be used as an attribute πίστιν ὡς κόκκον σινάπεως faith like a mustard seed=faith no greater than a tiny mustard seed Mt 17:20; Lk 17:6. προφήτης ὡς εἷς τῶν προφητῶν Mk 6:15. Cp. Ac 3:22; 7:37 (both Dt 18:15); 10:11; 11:5. ἐγένετο ὡς εἷς τῶν φευγόντων AcPl Ha 5, 18. ἀρνίον ὡς ἐσφαγμένον a lamb that appeared to have been slaughtered Rv 5:6.—In expressions like τρίχας ὡς τρίχας γυναικῶν 9:8a the second τρίχας can be omitted as self-evident (Ps 54:7 v.l.): ἡ φωνὴ ὡς σάλπιγγος 4:1; cp. 1:10; 9:8b; 13:2a; 14:2c; 16:3.

ⓓ other noteworthy uses

α. ὡς as can introduce an example ὡς καὶ Ἠλίας ἐποίησεν Lk 9:54 v.l.; cp. 1 Pt 3:6; or, in the combination ὡς γέγραπται, a scripture quotation Mk 1:2 v.l.; 7:6; Lk 3:4; Ac 13:33; cp. Ro 9:25; or even an authoritative human opinion Ac 17:28; 22:5; 25:10; or any other decisive reason Mt 5:48; 6:12 (ὡς καί).

β. ὡς introduces short clauses: ὡς εἰώθει as his custom was Mk 10:1. Cp. Hs 5, 1, 2. ὡς λογίζομαι as I think 1 Pt 5:12. ὡς ἐνομίζετο as was supposed Lk 3:23 (Diog. L. 3, 2 ὡς Ἀθήνησιν ἦν λόγος [about Plato’s origin]; TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 32 [Stone p. 12] ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ; Just., A I, 6, 2 ὡς ἐδιδάχθημεν). ὡς ἦν as he was Mk 4:36. ὡς ἔφην Papias (2:15) (ApcMos 42; cp. Just., A I, 21, 6 ὡς προέφημεν).

γ. The expr. οὕτως ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ ὡς ἄνθρωπος βάλῃ τὸν σπόρον Mk 4:26 may well exhibit colloquial syntax; but some think that ἄν (so one v.l. [=ἐάν, which is read by many mss.]) once stood before ἄνθρωπος and was lost inadvertently. S. the comm., e.g. EKlostermann, Hdb. z. NT⁴ ’50 ad loc.; s. also Jülicher, Gleichn. 539; B-D-F §380, 4; Mlt. 185 w. notes; Rdm.² 154; Rob. 928; 968.

③ marker introducing the perspective from which a pers., thing, or activity is viewed or understood as to character, function, or role, as

ⓐ w. focus on quality, circumstance, or role

α. as (JosAs 26:7 ἔγνω … Λευὶς … ταῦτα πάντα ὡς προφήτης; Just., A I, 7, 4 ἵνα ὡς ἄδικος κολάζηται) τί ἔτι κἀγὼ ὡς ἁμαρτωλὸς κρίνομαι; why am I still being condemned as a sinner? Ro 3:7. ὡς σοφὸς ἀρχιτέκτων 1 Cor 3:10. ὡς ἀρτιγέννητα βρέφη as newborn children (in reference to desire for maternal milk) 1 Pt 2:2. μή τις ὑμῶν πασχέτω ὡς φονεύς 4:15a; cp. b, 16.—1:14; 1 Cor 7:25; 2 Cor 6:4; Eph 5:1; Col 3:12; 1 Th 2:4, 7a.—In the oblique cases, genitive (ApcSed 16:2 ὡς νέου αὐτοῦ ἐπαράβλεπον τὰ πταίσματα αὐτοῦ; Just., A I, 14, 4 ὑμέτερον ἔστω ὡς δυνατῶν βασιλέων): τιμίῳ αἵματι ὡς ἀμνοῦ ἀμώμου Χριστοῦ with the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without blemish 1 Pt 1:19. δόξαν ὡς μονογενοῦς παρὰ πατρός glory as of an only-begotten son, coming from the Father J 1:14. Cp. Hb 12:27. Dative (Ath. 14, 2 θύουσιν ὡς θεοῖς; 28, 3 πιστεύειν ὡς μυθοποιῷ; Stephan. Byz. s.v. Κυνόσαργες: Ἡρακλεῖ ὡς θεῷ θύων): λαλῆσαι ὑμῖν ὡς πνευματικοῖς 1 Cor 3:1a; cp. bc; 10:15; 2 Cor 6:13; Hb 12:5; 1 Pt 2:13f; 3:7ab; 2 Pt 1:19. Accusative (JosAs 22:8 ἠγάπα αὐτὸν ὡς ἄνδρα προφήτην; Just., A I, 4, 4 τὸ ὄνομα ὡς ἔλεγχον λαμβάνετε; Tat. 27, 1 ὡς ἀθεωτάτους ἡμᾶς ἐκκηρύσσετε; Ath. 16, 4 οὐ προσκυνῶ αὐτὰ ὡς θεοὺς): οὐχ ὡς θεὸν ἐδόξασαν Ro 1:21; 1 Cor 4:14; 8:7; Tit 1:7; Phlm 16; Hb 6:19; 11:9. παρακαλῶ ὡς παροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους 1 Pt 2:11 (from the perspective of their conversion experience the recipients of the letter are compared to temporary residents and disenfranchised foreigners, cp. the imagery 1 Pt 1:19 above and s. παρεπίδημος and πάροικος 2).—This is prob. also the place for ὸ̔ ἐὰν ποιῆτε, ἐργάζεσθε ὡς τῷ κυρίῳ whatever you have to do, do it as work for the Lord Col 3:23. Cp. Eph 5:22. εἴ τις λαλεῖ ὡς λόγια θεοῦ if anyone preaches, (let the pers. do so) as if (engaged in proclaiming the) words of God 1 Pt 4:11a; cp. ibid. b; 2 Cor 2:17bc; Eph 6:5, 7.

β. ὡς w. ptc. gives the reason for an action as one who, because (X., Cyr. 7, 5, 13 κατεγέλων τῆς πολιορκίας ὡς ἔχοντες τὰ ἐπιτήδεια; Appian, Liby. 56 §244 μέμφεσθαι τοῖς θεοῖς ὡς ἐπιβουλεύουσι=as being hostile; Polyaenus 2, 1, 1; 3, 10, 3 ὡς ἔχων=just as if he had; TestAbr B 8 p. 112, 17 [Stone p. 72] ὡς αὐτῷ ὄντι φίλῳ μου (do it for) him [Abraham] as a friend of mine; TestJob 17:5 καθʼ ἡμῶν ὡς τυραννούντων against us as though we were tyrants; ApcMos 23 ὡς νομίζοντες on the assumption that (we would not be discovered); Jos., Ant. 1, 251; Ath. 16, 1 ὁ δὲ κόσμος οὐχ ὡς δεομένου τοῦ θεοῦ γέγονεν; SIG 1168, 35); Paul says: I appealed to the Emperor οὐχ ὡς τοῦ ἔθνους μου ἔχων τι κατηγορεῖν not that I had any charge to bring against my (own) people Ac 28:19 (PCairZen 44, 23 [257 B.C.] οὐχ ὡς μενῶν=not as if it were my purpose to remain there). ὡς foll. by the gen. abs. ὡς τὰ πάντα ἡμῖν τῆς θείας δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ δεδωρημένης because his divine power has granted us everything 2 Pt 1:3. Cp. Dg. 5:16.—Only in isolated instances does ὡς show causal force when used w. a finite verb for, seeing that (PLeid 16, 1, 20; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 17, 2, end, Vit. Auct. 25; Aesop, Fab. 109 P.=148 H.; 111 H-H.: ὡς εὐθέως ἐξελεύσομαι=because; Tetrast. Iamb. 1, 6, 3; Nicetas Eugen. 6, 131 H. Cp. Herodas 10, 3: ὡς=because [with the copula ‘is’ to be supplied]) Mt 6:12 (ὡς καί as Mk 7:37 v.l.; TestDan 3:1 v.l.; the parallel Lk 11:4 has γάρ). AcPlCor 1:6 ὡς οὖν ὁ κύριος ἠλέησεν ἡμᾶς inasmuch as the Lord has shown us mercy (by permitting us). So, more oft., καθώς (q.v. 3).

γ. ὡς before the predicate acc. or nom. w. certain verbs functions pleonastically and further contributes to the aspect of perspective ὡς προφήτην ἔχουσιν τὸν Ἰωάννην Mt 21:26. Cp. Lk 16:1. λογίζεσθαί τινα ὡς foll. by acc. look upon someone as 1 Cor 4:1; 2 Cor 10:2 (for this pass. s. also c below). Cp. 2 Th 3:15ab; Phil 2:7; Js 2:9.

ⓑ w. focus on a conclusion existing only in someone’s imagination or based solely on someone’s assertion (PsSol 8:30; Jos., Bell. 3, 346; Just., A I, 27, 5; Mel., P. 58, 422) προσηνέγκατέ μοι τὸν ἄνθρωπον τοῦτον ὡς ἀποστρέφοντα τὸν λαόν, καὶ ἰδοὺ … you have brought this fellow before me as one who (as you claim) is misleading the people, and now … Lk 23:14. τί καυχᾶσαι ὡς μὴ λαβών; why do you boast, as though you (as you think) had not received? 1 Cor 4:7. Cp. Ac 3:12; 23:15, 20; 27:30. ὡς μὴ ἐρχομένου μου as though I were not coming (acc. to their mistaken idea) 1 Cor 4:18. ὡς μελλούσης τῆς πόλεως αἴρεσθαι assuming that the city was being destroyed AcPl Ha 5, 16.

ⓒ w. focus on what is objectively false or erroneous ἐπιστολὴ ὡς διʼ ἡμῶν a letter (falsely) alleged to be from us 2 Th 2:2a (Diod S 33, 5, 5 ἔπεμψαν ὡς παρὰ τῶν πρεσβευτῶν ἐπιστολήν they sent a letter which purported to come from the emissaries; Diog. L. 10:3 falsified ἐπιστολαὶ ὡς Ἐπικούρου; Just., A, II, 5, 5 ὡς ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ σπορᾷ γενομένους υἱούς). τοὺς λογιζομένους ἡμᾶς ὡς κατὰ σάρκα περιπατοῦντας 2 Cor 10:2 (s. also aγ above). Cp. 11:17; 13:7. Israel wishes to become righteous οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως ἀλλʼ ὡς ἐξ ἔργων not through faith but through deeds (the latter way being objectively wrong) Ro 9:32 (Rdm.² 26f). ὡς ἐκ παραδόσεως ἀγράφου εἰς αὐτὸν ἥκοντα (other matters he recounts) as having reached him through unwritten tradition (Eus. about Papias) Papias (2:11).

④ conj., marker of result in connection with indication of purpose=ὥστε so that (Trag., Hdt.+, though nearly always w. the inf.; so also POxy 1040, 11; PFlor 370, 10; Wsd 5:12; TestJob 39:7; ApcMos 38; Jos., Ant. 12, 229; Just., A I, 56, 2; Tat. 12, 2. W. the indic. X., Cyr. 5, 4, 11 οὕτω μοι ἐβοήθησας ὡς σέσῳσμαι; Philostrat., Vi. Apoll. 8, 7 p. 324, 25f; Jos., Bell. 3, 343; Ath. 15, 3; 22, 2) Hb 3:11; 4:3 (both Ps 94:11). ὡς αὐτὸν καθόλου τὸ φῶς μὴ βλέπειν Papias (3:2) (s. φῶς 1a). ὡς πάντας ἄχθεσθαι (s. ἄχθομαι) AcPl Ha 4, 14. ὡς πάντας … ἀγαλλιᾶσθαι 6, 31 al.

⑤ marker of discourse content, that, the fact that after verbs of knowing, saying (even introducing direct discourse: Maximus Tyr. 5:4f), hearing, etc.=ὅτι that (X., An. 1, 3, 5; Menand., Sam. 590 S. [245 Kö.]; Aeneas Tact. 402; 1342; PTebt 10, 6 [119 B.C.]; 1 Km 13:11; EpArist; Philo, Op. M. 9; Jos., Ant. 7, 39; 9, 162; 15, 249 al.; Just., A I, 60, 2; Tat. 39, 2; 41, 1; Ath. 30, 4.—ORiemann, RevPhilol n.s. 6, 1882, 73–75; HKallenberg, RhM n.s. 68, 1913, 465–76; B-D-F §396) ἀναγινώσκειν Mk 12:26 v.l. (for πῶς); Lk 6:4 (w. πῶς as v.l.). μνησθῆναι Lk 24:6 (D ὅσα); cp. 22:61 (=Lat. quomodo, as in ms. c of the Old Itala; cp. Plautus, Poen. 3, 1, 54–56). ἐπίστασθαι (Jos., Ant. 7, 372) Ac 10:28; 20:18b v.l. (for πῶς). εἰδέναι (MAI 37, 1912, 183 [= Kl. T. 110, 81, 10] ἴστε ὡς [131/132 A.D.]) 1 Th 2:11a. μάρτυς ὡς Ro 1:9; Phil 1:8; 1 Th 2:10.—ὡς ὅτι s. ὅτι 5b.

⑥ w. numerals, a degree that approximates a point on a scale of extent, about, approximately, nearly (Hdt., Thu. et al.; PAmh 72, 12; PTebt 381, 4 [VSchuman, ClW 28, ’34/35, 95f: pap]; Jos., Ant. 6, 95; Ruth 1:4; 1 Km 14:2; TestJob 31:2; JosAs 1:6) ὡς δισχίλιοι Mk 5:13. Cp. 8:9; Lk 1:56; 8:42; J 1:39; 4:6; 6:10, 19; 19:14, 39; 21:8; Ac 4:4; 5:7, 36; 13:18, 20; 27:37 v.l. (Hemer, Acts 149 n. 140); Rv 8:1.

⑦ a relatively high point on a scale involving exclamation, how! (X., Cyr. 1, 3, 2 ὦ μῆτερ, ὡς καλός μοι ὁ πάππος! Himerius, Or. 54 [=Or. 15], 1 ὡς ἡδύ μοι τὸ θέατρον=how pleasant … ! Ps 8:2; 72:1; TestJob 7:12) ὡς ὡραῖοι οἱ πόδες τῶν εὐαγγελιζομένων ἀγαθά Ro 10:15 (cp. Is 52:7). Cp. 11:33. ὡς μεγάλη μοι ἡ σήμερον ἡμέρα GJs 19:2.

⑧ temporal conjunction (B-D-F §455, 2; 3; Harnack, SBBerlAk 1908, 392).

ⓐ w. the aor. when, after (Hom., Hdt. et al.; Diod S 14, 80, 1; pap [POxy 1489, 4 al.]; LXX; TestAbr B 3 p. 107, 6 [Stone p. 62]; JosAs 3:2; ParJer 3:1; ApcMos 22; Jos., Bell. 1, 445b; Just., D. 2, 4; 3, 1) ὡς ἐπλήσθησαν αἱ ἡμέραι Lk 1:23. ὡς ἐγεύσατο ὁ ἀρχιτρίκλινος J 2:9.—Lk 1:41, 44; 2:15, 39; 4:25; 5:4; 7:12; 15:25; 19:5; 22:66; 23:26; J 4:1, 40; 6:12, 16; 7:10; 11:6, 20, 29, 32f; 18:6; 19:33; 21:9; Ac 5:24; 10:7, 25; 13:29; 14:5; 16:10, 15; 17:13; 18:5; 19:21; 21:1, 12; 22:25; 27:1, 27; 28:4. AcPl Ha 3, 20.

ⓑ w. pres. or impf. while, when, as long as (Menand., Fgm. 538, 2 K. ὡς ὁδοιπορεῖς; Cyrill. Scyth. [VI A.D.] ed. ESchwartz ’39 p. 143, 1; 207, 22 ὡς ἔτι εἰμί=as long as I live) ὡς ὑπάγεις μετὰ τοῦ ἀντιδίκου σου while you are going with your opponent Lk 12:58. ὡς ἐλάλει ἡμῖν, ὡς διήνοιγεν ἡμῖν τὰς γραφάς while he was talking, while he was opening the scriptures to us 24:32.—J 2:23; 8:7; 12:35f ( as long as; cp. ἕως 2a); Ac 1:10; 7:23; 9:23; 10:17; 13:25; 19:9; 21:27; 25:14; Gal 6:10 ( as long as); 2 Cl 8:1; 9:7; IRo 2:2; ISm 9:1 (all four as long as).—ὡς w. impf., and in the next clause the aor. ind. w. the same subject (Diod S 15, 45, 4 ὡς ἐθεώρουν …, συνεστήσαντο ‘when [or ‘as soon as’] they noticed …, they put together [a fleet]’; SIG 1169, 58 ὡς ἐνεκάθευδε, εἶδε ‘while he was sleeping [or ‘when he went to sleep’] [in the temple] he saw [a dream or vision]’) Mt 28:9 v.l.; J 20:11; Ac 8:36; 16:4; 22:11.— Since (Soph., Oed. R. 115; Thu. 4, 90, 3) ὡς τοῦτο γέγονεν Mk 9:21.

ⓒ ὡς ἄν or ὡς ἐάν w. subjunctive of the time of an event in the future when, as soon as.

α. ὡς ἄν (Hyperid. 2, 43, 4; Herodas 5, 50; Lucian, Cronosolon 11; PHib 59, 1 [c. 245 B.C.] ὡς ἂν λάβῃς; UPZ 71, 18 [152 B.C.]; PTebt 26, 2. Cp. Witkowski 87; Gen 12:12; Josh 2:14; Is 8:21; Da 3:15 Theod.; Ath. 31, 3 [ἐάν Schwartz]) Ro 15:24; 1 Cor 11:34; Phil 2:23.

β. ὡς ἐάν (PFay 111, 16 [95/96 A.D.] ὡς ἐὰν βλέπῃς) 1 Cl 12:5f; Hv 3, 8, 9; 3, 13, 2.

ⓓ w. the superlative ὡς τάχιστα (a bookish usage; s. B-D-F §244, 1; Rob. 669) as quickly as possible Ac 17:15 (s. ταχέως 1c).

⑨ a final particle, expressing intention/purpose, with a view to, in order to

ⓐ w. subjunctive (Hom.+; TestAbr A 4 p. 80, 33 [Stone p. 8]; SibOr 3, 130; Synes., Hymni 3, 44 [NTerzaghi ’39]) ὡς τελειώσω in order that I might finish Ac 20:24 v.l. (s. Mlt. 249).

ⓑ w. inf. (X.; Arrian [very oft.: ABoehner, De Arriani dicendi genere, diss. Erlangen 1885 p. 56]; PGen 28, 12 [II A.D.]; ZPE 8, ’71, 177: letter of M. Ant. 57, cp. 44–46; 3 Macc 1:2; Joseph.; cp. the use of the opt. Just., D. 2, 3) Lk 9:52. ὡς τελειῶσαι Ac 20:24. ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν Hb 7:9 (s. ἔπος).

ⓒ used w. prepositions to indicate the direction intended (Soph., Thu., X. [Kühner-G. I 472 note 1]; Polyb. 1, 29, 1; LRadermacher, Philol 60, 1901, 495f) πορεύεσθαι ὡς ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσαν Ac 17:14 v.l.—WStählin, Symbolon, ’58, 99–104. S. also ὡσάν, ὡσαύτως, ὡσεί 2, ὥσπερ b, ὡσπερεί, ὥστε 2b. DELG. M-M.

E, e, indecl. n. or (sc. littera) fem., a vowel corresponding to both the e and the ê of the Greeks, Ter. Maur. p. 2386 P.; Aus. Idyll. de Litter. Monos. 3 and 4; Mart. Cap. 3, § 235. Its sound varied; short e being sounded sometimes like Engl. e in men (so in pater, inter, etc.), sometimes more nearly like short i, as in Engl. pin (so in famelia, mereto, Menerva, etc.); whence, in the literary language, it passed, in a large class of words, into ĭ (familia, merito, etc.), though retained in the popular speech, and oft. in inscriptions. Long e also varied in sound, often resembling the diphthong ae, with which it is constantly confounded in MSS. and inscrr. (cf. raeda and reda; saeculum and seculum; ceteri and caeteri, etc.), and often approaching the sound of ī (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 324 sqq.). The short e in Latin is the least emphatic of all the vowels; hence, it not only took the place of other vowels in changes of words where the sounds became weakened, and in the vulgar language where the vowel sounds were less sharply distinguished, but frequently took the place of a final syllable ending in a consonant, and was sometimes, especially at the end of words, rejected.

The transition of ă into ĕ (which took place especially before two consonants, whereas usually ă passed into ĭ in open syllables, v. art. A.) is seen in the compounds refello, commendo, ineptus, confercio, incestus, perpetior, etc. In some words the orthography is unsettled, as in the compounds of spargo, which are written sometimes aspergo, conspergo, dispergo, etc., and sometimes aspargo, conspargo, dispargo, etc.; as along with dispando the vulgar form dispenno also occurs. So in all the verbal reduplications, as cĕcidi, cĕcini, pĕperi, pĕpigi, tĕtigi; pĕperci, fĕfelli; dĕdi and stĕti (from cado, cano, pario, pango, tango, parco, fallo, DA and STA), whereas the vowels i, o, u remain unchanged in reduplication (bĭbi; mŏmordi; tŭtudi; for the anomalous forms in Gell. 7, 9, are certainly Graecized). As along with pĕpĭgi there also arose by syncope (in the Lat. lang. a predominating element in the formation of words) the perfect pēgi; so we may explain the perfect forms cēpi, fēci, jēci, frēgi, and ēgi, as syncopated from cĕcĭpi, fĕfĭci, jĕjĭci, frĕfĭgi, and ĕïgi (this last analogously with dēgo, from dēĭgo).

For i stands ĕ

in the neuter forms of the adjectives in is (acre, agreste, facile, etc.).—

In the nominative forms: aedes, apes, canes, etc. (for aedis, apis, canis, etc. v. h. vv.).—

In the dative forms: morte, jure dicundo, Dijove, Victore, etc. (cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 192 sq.; and Quint. 1, 4, 17). —

In the nominatives in es, whose genitive has ĭtis.—

In the nominatives from stems ending in c, b, p, t, n, etc., as, pollex, caelebs, princeps, comes, flumen, from pollic-, caelib-, princip-, comit-, flumin-; and

In the old and partly vulgar manner of writing and pronouncing: CEPET, EXEMET, NAVEBOS (Colum. Rostr.), FVET, DEDET, TEMPESTATEBVS, TIBE (Epit. of the Scipios), COMPROMESISE (S. C. de Bacch.), MENERVA, MAGESTER, HERE, VEA, VELLA, etc. (Quint. 1, 4, 8, and 17; Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 14; cf. Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 46). In the earliest period (before Plautus) ĕ was found in many words in which ĭ afterwards took its place; as: semul, fuet, mereto, tempestatebus, etc.—

It is prob. too that the abl. ĕ of the third declension proceeded from ī (or id); cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 239 sqq.; Corss. Ausspr. 2, 241 sq.

It less freq. happens that o and u pass over into ĕ, as vello, ocellus, verto, vertex, vester, compared with vulsi, oculus, vorto, vortex, voster: generis from genus, societas from socius, etc.; and even for long u we have ĕ in dejĕro and pejĕro, from jūro.

The stem vowel o is weakened to ĕ in the vocative of nouns in us of the second declension; ĕ also represents o in the perf. and in pass. forms, such as scripsere, conabare, conabere, from scripserunt, conabaris, conaberis; in the future forms attinge, dice, facie, recipie, from attingam, dicam, faciam, recipiam (see under dico init.); in the forms mage, pote, from magis, potis, etc.; it is inserted for euphony in the nom. of many nouns and adjj whose stems end in r preceded by a mute, as ager, aper, liber, aeger, ruber, sacer, etc.

The vowel e is suppressed in the imperatives dic, duc, fac, fer, in the anteclass infinitive biber (from bibere); in the vocative of the second declension of nouns in ius, as Gai, geni, fili, canteri, columbari, mantuari, volturi, mi (cf. Freund in Jahn's Neue Jahrbüch, 1835, vol. 13, p. 148 sq.), in enclitic particles often, as: hic, haec, hoc, for hice, etc.; so, illaec, sic, nunc, nec, ac, etc.: viden, potin: quin, for quine, etc., and as an initial in the present forms of the verb esse (sum, sumus, sunt; sim, etc., for esum, esumus, esunt, esim, etc.). But the forms facul, simul, Bacchanal, etc., are not apocopated. Even a radical ĕ sometimes drops out when a prefix or suffix is taken; so, gigno, for gigeno: malignus, for maligenus: gnatus, for genatus.

The long e interchanges most freq. with the diphthongs ae and oe (q. v.); yet it sometimes also took the place of ā, as in anhēlo, from hālo, and in the rustic bēlo, for bālo; and likewise of ī, as LEBER, SPECA, AMECVS, for līber, spīca, amīcus (Quint. Inst. l. l.; Varr. R. R. 1, 48, 2; Paul. ex Fest. p. 15, 6 Müll.); and in words borrowed from the Greek, as chorēa, Darēus, along with Academīa, Alexandrīa; see the letter I.

As an abbreviation, E (mostly in connection with other abbreviations) signifies egregius, equus, eques, erexit, evocatus, etc.; e. g. E. M. V. = egregiae memoriae vir; E. Q. R. = eques Romanus; EE. QQ. RR. = equites Romani; E. P. = equo publico; E. M. D. S. P. E. = e monitu de sua pecunia erexit, etc.

e.. praep., out of, from, v. ex.

E, e, indecl. n. or (sc. littera) fem., a vowel corresponding to both the e and the ê of the Greeks, Ter. Maur. p. 2386 P.; Aus. Idyll. de Litter. Monos. 3 and 4; Mart. Cap. 3, § 235. Its sound varied; short e being sounded sometimes like Engl. e in men (so in pater, inter, etc.), sometimes more nearly like short i, as in Engl. pin (so in famelia, mereto, Menerva, etc.); whence, in the literary language, it passed, in a large class of words, into ĭ (familia, merito, etc.), though retained in the popular speech, and oft. in inscriptions. Long e also varied in sound, often resembling the diphthong ae, with which it is constantly confounded in MSS. and inscrr. (cf. raeda and reda; saeculum and seculum; ceteri and caeteri, etc.), and often approaching the sound of ī (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 324 sqq.). The short e in Latin is the least emphatic of all the vowels; hence, it not only took the place of other vowels in changes of words where the sounds became weakened, and in the vulgar language where the vowel sounds were less sharply distinguished, but frequently took the place of a final syllable ending in a consonant, and was sometimes, especially at the end of words, rejected.

The transition of ă into ĕ (which took place especially before two consonants, whereas usually ă passed into ĭ in open syllables, v. art. A.) is seen in the compounds refello, commendo, ineptus, confercio, incestus, perpetior, etc. In some words the orthography is unsettled, as in the compounds of spargo, which are written sometimes aspergo, conspergo, dispergo, etc., and sometimes aspargo, conspargo, dispargo, etc.; as along with dispando the vulgar form dispenno also occurs. So in all the verbal reduplications, as cĕcidi, cĕcini, pĕperi, pĕpigi, tĕtigi; pĕperci, fĕfelli; dĕdi and stĕti (from cado, cano, pario, pango, tango, parco, fallo, DA and STA), whereas the vowels i, o, u remain unchanged in reduplication (bĭbi; mŏmordi; tŭtudi; for the anomalous forms in Gell. 7, 9, are certainly Graecized). As along with pĕpĭgi there also arose by syncope (in the Lat. lang. a predominating element in the formation of words) the perfect pēgi; so we may explain the perfect forms cēpi, fēci, jēci, frēgi, and ēgi, as syncopated from cĕcĭpi, fĕfĭci, jĕjĭci, frĕfĭgi, and ĕïgi (this last analogously with dēgo, from dēĭgo).

For i stands ĕ

in the neuter forms of the adjectives in is (acre, agreste, facile, etc.).—

In the nominative forms: aedes, apes, canes, etc. (for aedis, apis, canis, etc. v. h. vv.).—

In the dative forms: morte, jure dicundo, Dijove, Victore, etc. (cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 192 sq.; and Quint. 1, 4, 17). —

In the nominatives in es, whose genitive has ĭtis.—

In the nominatives from stems ending in c, b, p, t, n, etc., as, pollex, caelebs, princeps, comes, flumen, from pollic-, caelib-, princip-, comit-, flumin-; and

In the old and partly vulgar manner of writing and pronouncing: CEPET, EXEMET, NAVEBOS (Colum. Rostr.), FVET, DEDET, TEMPESTATEBVS, TIBE (Epit. of the Scipios), COMPROMESISE (S. C. de Bacch.), MENERVA, MAGESTER, HERE, VEA, VELLA, etc. (Quint. 1, 4, 8, and 17; Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 14; cf. Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 46). In the earliest period (before Plautus) ĕ was found in many words in which ĭ afterwards took its place; as: semul, fuet, mereto, tempestatebus, etc.—

It is prob. too that the abl. ĕ of the third declension proceeded from ī (or id); cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 239 sqq.; Corss. Ausspr. 2, 241 sq.

It less freq. happens that o and u pass over into ĕ, as vello, ocellus, verto, vertex, vester, compared with vulsi, oculus, vorto, vortex, voster: generis from genus, societas from socius, etc.; and even for long u we have ĕ in dejĕro and pejĕro, from jūro.

The stem vowel o is weakened to ĕ in the vocative of nouns in us of the second declension; ĕ also represents o in the perf. and in pass. forms, such as scripsere, conabare, conabere, from scripserunt, conabaris, conaberis; in the future forms attinge, dice, facie, recipie, from attingam, dicam, faciam, recipiam (see under dico init.); in the forms mage, pote, from magis, potis, etc.; it is inserted for euphony in the nom. of many nouns and adjj whose stems end in r preceded by a mute, as ager, aper, liber, aeger, ruber, sacer, etc.

The vowel e is suppressed in the imperatives dic, duc, fac, fer, in the anteclass infinitive biber (from bibere); in the vocative of the second declension of nouns in ius, as Gai, geni, fili, canteri, columbari, mantuari, volturi, mi (cf. Freund in Jahn's Neue Jahrbüch, 1835, vol. 13, p. 148 sq.), in enclitic particles often, as: hic, haec, hoc, for hice, etc.; so, illaec, sic, nunc, nec, ac, etc.: viden, potin: quin, for quine, etc., and as an initial in the present forms of the verb esse (sum, sumus, sunt; sim, etc., for esum, esumus, esunt, esim, etc.). But the forms facul, simul, Bacchanal, etc., are not apocopated. Even a radical ĕ sometimes drops out when a prefix or suffix is taken; so, gigno, for gigeno: malignus, for maligenus: gnatus, for genatus.

The long e interchanges most freq. with the diphthongs ae and oe (q. v.); yet it sometimes also took the place of ā, as in anhēlo, from hālo, and in the rustic bēlo, for bālo; and likewise of ī, as LEBER, SPECA, AMECVS, for līber, spīca, amīcus (Quint. Inst. l. l.; Varr. R. R. 1, 48, 2; Paul. ex Fest. p. 15, 6 Müll.); and in words borrowed from the Greek, as chorēa, Darēus, along with Academīa, Alexandrīa; see the letter I.

As an abbreviation, E (mostly in connection with other abbreviations) signifies egregius, equus, eques, erexit, evocatus, etc.; e. g. E. M. V. = egregiae memoriae vir; E. Q. R. = eques Romanus; EE. QQ. RR. = equites Romani; E. P. = equo publico; E. M. D. S. P. E. = e monitu de sua pecunia erexit, etc.

e.. praep., out of, from, v. ex.